Distinction

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1. What distinction does Additional Protocol I Article 48 require?
2. Under AP I Article 51(2), may the civilian population as such be made the object of attack?
3. For objects under AP I Article 52(2), which pair is required for a military objective?
4. In an international armed conflict governed by AP I, a civilian warehouse is stipulated to make no effective contributi…
5. During an AP I-governed conflict, a civilian is directly participating in hostilities. Under Article 51(3), what tempor…
6. An AP I-governed conflict involves a town containing civilians and a few combatants. An official proposes treating the …
7. A reviewer finds that an object meets Article 52(2)'s military-objective test. The reviewer therefore declares that eve…
8. State the principle of distinction under AP I and explain why enemy ownership alone does not make an object a military …
9. Explain the relationship between civilian protection and direct participation in hostilities under AP I Article 51(3).
10. A student says identifying a military objective completes every IHL inquiry about an attack. Explain the error.
11. Which Article 52(2) characteristics can link an object to effective contribution to military action?
12. Under Article 52(3), what presumption applies to specified normally civilian objects when doubt remains about military …