Definition and Essential Elements

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1. May a juridical person incur obligations in conformity with the laws governing its organization?
2. An adult voluntarily pays a loan after the action on it has prescribed. There is no coercion or independent restitution…
3. A supply agreement fixes the kind of grain and determines quantity by a stated objective formula requiring no new agree…
4. After an action to enforce a civil obligation has failed, the defendant nevertheless voluntarily delivers the promised …
5. A valid corporation owes an architect under a duly authorized contract. The corporation argues that an obligation needs…
6. Compare the enforcement and retention consequences of civil and natural obligations.
7. Mila voluntarily settles a prescribed debt, then seeks restitution solely because limitations had run. Apply Article142…
8. A contract identifies a particular crop and makes its quantity computable using a fixed acreage-and-yield formula witho…