Payment or Performance

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1. Under Article 1243, is payment to the creditor valid after the debtor has been judicially ordered to retain the debt?
2. A donor pays a debtor’s creditor without intending reimbursement. The creditor accepts payment. The debtor has not acce…
3. A debtor pays an unauthorized receiver, and the creditor later validly ratifies that payment. Under Article 1241, must …
4. The creditor’s own conduct led a debtor to believe that a third person had authority to receive payment. The required s…
5. A debtor is served a lawful judicial order to retain the debt but thereafter pays the creditor directly and obtains a r…
6. Distinguish the donation relationship from the creditor-facing validity of third-person payment under Article 1238.
7. Identify Article 1241 cases where benefit to the creditor need not separately be proved after payment to a third person.
8. Explain why payment to the genuine creditor may nevertheless be invalid after a judicial retention order.