Practice question
Which environmental areas are protected in the wording of Principle 21?
- Only the acting State's capital.
- Only neighboring States' land territory.
- Other States and areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
- Only privately owned forests.
- Only areas covered by bilateral treaties.
Legal references
- Stockholm Declaration, Principle21, reproduced in UN ILC report1994: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_49_10.pdf
- ICJ, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change, Advisory Opinion, July23 2025, main opinion, paragraphs147–158 and precaution discussion: https://icj-web.leman.un-icc.cloud/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf
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