Practice question
A harmful activity is privately operated but lies within State A's jurisdiction. A says Principle 21 cannot be relevant because only government enterprises count. Which response is correct?
- All private harms are automatically attributed to the State.
- Private ownership automatically proves State liability.
- Only foreign investors are covered.
- The principle transfers the enterprise to the UN.
- Private ownership does not itself exclude an activity within the State's jurisdiction or control.
Legal references
- Stockholm Declaration, Principle21, reproduced in UN ILC report1994: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_49_10.pdf
- ICJ, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change, Advisory Opinion, July23 2025, main opinion, paragraphs147–158 and precaution discussion: https://icj-web.leman.un-icc.cloud/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf
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