De Facto and De Jure Officers

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1. In the de facto definition discussed in Unda, what distinguishes the officeholder from a mere volunteer?
2. A rightful officer accepts a lower post under protest while pursuing reinstatement to the contested higher office. An o…
3. A person’s appointment is defective, but she openly performs official duties under color of authority and qualifies as …
4. A duly established de jure officer claims salary received by a de facto occupant during wrongful tenure. The latter off…
5. A proper direct proceeding is brought to determine a de facto occupant’s title to an office. The occupant argues that b…
6. Explain why a court can protect an otherwise lawful official act for public reliance while still concluding that its is…
7. A de facto occupant claims that actual work in good faith always entitles him to salary even against an established de …
8. In a case comparable to Monserate, a displaced rightful officer accepts a lower job under protest and continues seeking…