Practice question
Does protection of a de facto officer’s otherwise lawful public acts necessarily prove that the officer has valid de jure title?
- No; public-act protection and legal title to office are distinct questions.
- Yes; every valid public act automatically cures every appointment defect.
- Yes; a permit always appoints its signer permanently.
- Yes; third-party reliance repeals all appointment qualifications.
- No, because no de facto act can ever affect the public.
Legal references
- Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. L-28196 and L-28224, November 9, 1967, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1967/nov1967/gr_l-28196_1967.html
- General Manager, Philippine Ports Authority v. Monserate, G.R. No. 129616, April 17, 2002, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/apr2002/gr_129616_2002.html
- Civil Service Commission v. Unda, G.R. Nos. 213237 and 213331, September 13, 2017, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/sep2017/gr_213237_2017.html
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