Practice question
A litigant attacks an otherwise lawful official act solely because its issuer was a de facto officer rather than a de jure officer. Explain the collateral-attack rule and the significance of the office's own competence.
Legal references
- General Manager, Philippine Ports Authority v. Monserate, G.R. No. 129616, April 17, 2002, main decision, de facto officers and qualified emoluments: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/apr2002/gr_129616_2002.html
- Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. L-28196 and L-28224, November 9, 1967, main decision, de facto acts and collateral attack: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1967/nov1967/gr_l-28196_1967.html
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