Practice question
A prosecution proves that an intermediary performed unlicensed recruitment acts but offers no proof of a false pretense, victim reliance, or resulting property damage. Is that evidence alone enough for estafa by false pretenses?
- Yes, illegal recruitment automatically includes estafa
- Yes, every referral creates financial damage
- No, estafa requires separate proof of its deceit, reliance, and damage elements
- Yes, if the intermediary has no office
- No, because estafa can never arise from recruitment
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2024/aug2024/gr_235010_2024.html — People v. Valle y Lapurga, GR 235010, August 7, 2024, main decision.
- https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/68766 — People v. Marzan, GR 227093, September 21, 2022, main decision; estafa under Revised Penal Code Article 315(2)(a) and distinct recruitment offenses.
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