Practice question
A rank-and-file union member neither participated in, authorized nor ratified the union’s ULP. The charge relies solely on ordinary membership. Which is best?
- All members automatically commit every officer’s offense.
- Dues payment alone conclusively proves ratification of all acts.
- The worker’s job title replaces proof.
- Every member is automatically the union’s governing board.
- Mere membership does not satisfy the statute’s stated personal-criminal-liability condition.
Legal references
- Labor Code, as amended, Articles 258 [247], 259 [248], 260 [249], 273 [260] and 277 [262-B]: https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_442_1974.html
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