Practice question
For estafa by deceit underlying the Baladjay ruling, when must the fraudulent representation operate?
- Only after every investment was voluntarily repaid.
- Before or simultaneously with the fraud that induces the victim to part with money.
- Only after the criminal judgment.
- Only after an unrelated future dispute.
- Timing is categorically irrelevant.
Legal references
- People v. Baladjay, G.R. No. 220458, July 26, 2017, main decision, deceit, Ponzi operation and participation evidence under PD 1689: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/jul2017/gr_220458_2017.html
- PD 1689, Section 1, covered syndicated swindling: https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1980/pd_1689_1980.html
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