Practice question
May a law described as civil still raise ex post facto concerns if in substance it retroactively imposes a penalty for previously lawful conduct?
- Yes
- No, a civil title conclusively controls
- Only laws titled criminal may be examined
- Every civil label eliminates punishment
- Only the page heading matters
Legal references
- Constitution Article III Section 22; Lacson v. Executive Secretary, GR128096, January20 1999, main decision, ex post facto categories: https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html ; https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/jan1999/gr_128096_1999.html
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