Practice question
A penal ordinance treats two groups differently. Its defenders argue that classification alone necessarily makes it valid. Is that sufficient?
- Yes; enactment ends constitutional review.
- No; the classification must still satisfy equal-protection requirements.
- Yes; the word 'penal' removes equal protection.
- Yes; legislative labels supply every missing distinction.
- No; because every classification is necessarily invalid.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html — 1987 Constitution, ArticleIII Section1, equal protection.
- https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/69106 — Albano v. COMELEC, G.R.257610 and UDK17230, January24 2023, main opinion on reasonable classification.
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