Practice question
A penal classification expressly burdens a fundamental liberty. The state says every penal distinction receives only ordinary rational-basis review regardless of the right involved. Which approach follows Albano’s general framework?
- Identify the fundamental-right trigger rather than mechanically use rational basis for every subject
- The penal label always forbids strict scrutiny
- Every fundamental right is irrelevant to classification
- Legislative preference replaces all review
- Only the number of defendants determines scrutiny
Legal references
- Albano v COMELEC GR257610/UDK17230 January24,2023 ENBANC MAIN, levels of scrutiny: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/jan2023/gr_257610_2023.html General equal-protection scrutiny framework; not importing election facts into criminal liability.
- 1987 Constitution ArticleIII Sections1,14,22: https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
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