Practice question
Under Montreal Convention Article 18(2), which cargo condition is an expressly listed defense to the extent the carrier proves it caused the damage?
- An inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo.
- The carrier's mere dissatisfaction with the freight rate.
- An expired employee identification card unrelated to damage.
- The consignee's foreign nationality.
- The absence of cargo insurance.
Legal references
- Montreal Convention 1999, authentic treaty text, Articles 18, 20-21 and 25-28, UN Treaty Series volume 2242, No. 39917: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202242/v2242.pdf
- ICAO, Montreal Convention administrative package, revised limits effective December 28, 2024: https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/secretariat/legal/Administrative%20Packages/mtl99_en.pdf
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