Practice question
The carrier proves that a transit authority's action caused only 30% of cargo damage. No other defense is proved. Does Article 18(2) excuse the entire loss?
- Yes; any official involvement bars the whole claim.
- Yes; the cargo's value becomes zero by law.
- No; authority actions are never a cargo defense.
- No; the carrier must instead use passenger bodily-injury rules.
- No; exoneration extends only to the proved causal portion.
Legal references
- Montreal Convention 1999, authentic treaty text, Articles 18, 20-21 and 25-28, UN Treaty Series volume 2242, No. 39917: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202242/v2242.pdf
- ICAO, Montreal Convention administrative package, revised limits effective December 28, 2024: https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/secretariat/legal/Administrative%20Packages/mtl99_en.pdf
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