Practice question
An air-carriage contract includes truck delivery from the airport. Cargo damage is discovered after that delivery, and the time of the damaging event is unproved. Which Article 18(4) rule is relevant?
- All road movements are conclusively air carriage without exceptions.
- Road delivery always eliminates every treaty claim.
- The consignee must prove a new contract with the truck driver.
- Damage is rebuttably presumed to result from an event during carriage by air.
- The air carrier automatically acquires the damaged goods.
Legal references
- Montreal Convention 1999, authentic treaty text, Articles 18, 20-21 and 25-28, UN Treaty Series volume 2242, No. 39917: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202242/v2242.pdf
- ICAO, Montreal Convention administrative package, revised limits effective December 28, 2024: https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/secretariat/legal/Administrative%20Packages/mtl99_en.pdf
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