Practice question
Does Section 39 make a superior’s instruction a universal defense for a subordinate’s willful or negligent act contrary to law, morals, public policy or good customs?
- Yes, every instruction is complete immunity
- No
- Yes, an unlawful order repeals the law
- Yes, negligence under orders is always lawful
- Yes, only private employees can be liable
Legal references
- Civil Code, Articles 6, 19-21, 27, 32, 430, 1144-1155, 1757-1758 and 2034: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
- Lim v. Ponce de Leon, G.R. No. L-22554, August 29, 1975, MAIN decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1975/aug1975/gr_22554_1975.html
- City of Muntinlupa v. N.C. Tavu and Associates Corp., G.R. No. 234680, June 10, 2024, MAIN decision, Administrative Code Sections 38-39 quoted: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2024/jun2024/gr_234680_2024.html
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