Practice question
A plaintiff seeks damages from an officer for an alleged rights violation but proves no particular legal injury or causal loss. The plaintiff argues Article 32 makes every challenge to governmental action an automatic private damages award. Which is best?
- Every policy challenge automatically proves damages.
- Every officer is immune regardless of the statute.
- The governing rights claim still requires the legally relevant violation and injury; Article 32 is not an automatic award for disagreement alone.
- A court must award the exact sum demanded without evidence.
- A government act can never be reviewed.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html — Civil Code, articles 27 and32.
- https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/48330 — Vinzons-Chato v Fortune Tobacco, GR 141309, December 23 2008, main resolution: particular legal injury and public duty.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2024/jun2024/gr_234680_2024.html — Supreme Court GR 234680, June 2024, main opinion: Administrative Code Book I section 38.
Answer this question in flashcards to review your response and continue practicing.