Practice question
A claimant relies on the retention effect of a natural obligation although the supposed payment was extracted through established coercion rather than voluntary fulfillment. Which is best?
- Coercion is always the same as voluntary performance
- The voluntary-fulfillment premise must be established; the natural-obligation rule cannot be applied mechanically to the coerced transfer
- Every transfer is irrecoverable regardless of cause
- A creditor may make an unenforceable debt enforceable by threats
- The payer’s evidence must be excluded
Legal references
- Civil Code, Articles 1209-1210,1223-1230,1238-1243,1266-1268 and1423-1430: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
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