Natural Obligations

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1. What distinguishes a natural obligation under Article 1423?
2. A civil action has prescribed, but the debtor voluntarily performs the obligation. What does Article 1424 generally pro…
3. Does a natural obligation alone authorize a creditor to compel its unperformed fulfillment by action?
4. A debtor knows that the action on an old civil debt has prescribed and freely pays it without coercion or mistake. He l…
5. After an unsuccessful action to enforce a civil obligation, the defendant nevertheless voluntarily performs it. What do…
6. A third person pays an old debt without the debtor’s knowledge when the action has already prescribed. The debtor later…
7. An heir receives PHP300,000 from an estate but voluntarily pays PHP450,000 of the decedent’s debt, using personal funds…
8. Distinguish a natural obligation’s nonenforceability from the effect of voluntary fulfillment.
9. Analyze a knowing voluntary payment after extinctive prescription of the civil action.
10. Explain an heir’s voluntary payment of a decedent’s debt exceeding the inheritance received.
11. What defect in a will is expressly addressed by Article 1430’s voluntary-payment rule?
12. Under Article 1430, whose payment of the stated legacy is addressed after the defective will is declared void?