Practice question
Under Article XII Section 2, does private ownership of the surface necessarily convey State-owned mineral resources beneath it?
- Yes; every land title automatically includes every mineral.
- No; the constitutional natural-resource ownership rule must be distinguished from surface title.
- Only a private lease decides constitutional resource ownership.
- All minerals automatically become household furniture.
- Only the landowner's preferred label controls.
Legal references
- 1987 Constitution ArticleXII Sections2-3 and7-8: https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
- RA11573 Section6, amended PD1529 Section14: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2021/ra_11573_2021.html
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