Regalian Doctrine (Const., Art. XII, Sec. 2)

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1. What is the central State-ownership principle underlying the Regalian doctrine?
2. For judicial confirmation under amended PD 1529 section 14(1), what public-domain classification must be established?
3. Under RA 11573’s amended section 14(1), what possession period is generally required immediately before filing, with th…
4. A family occupies land still legally classified as forest land for forty years and pays local property taxes. It claims…
5. A qualified applicant invokes amended section 14(1) in 2026 and proves the required twenty years of qualifying possessi…
6. An applicant offers only private affidavits saying the parcel looks agricultural and has no trees. No competent evidenc…
7. A private surveyor signs a plan stating only that a lot is “available,” without the designated DENR status, sworn statu…
8. Explain why long occupation and payment of property taxes do not alone overcome the Regalian doctrine for land remainin…
9. Explain how RA 11573 simplified judicial confirmation without eliminating the Regalian doctrine.
10. Describe the RA 11573 section 7 certification framework for proving alienable-and-disposable status, without treating e…
11. Under amended 14's stated original-registration framework, what maximum land area is specified?
12. Under Article XII Section 2, does private ownership of the surface necessarily convey State-owned mineral resources ben…