Practice question
Must a claimant quantify pecuniary loss to obtain nominal damages where the required violation is established?
- No, Article 2216 dispenses with proof of pecuniary loss for this category
- Yes, every invaded right must have a receipt
- No, because no right violation is necessary
- Yes, unless the defendant consents
- Only proof of the defendant's wealth is needed
Legal references
- Civil Code Articles 2216 and 2221–2223: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
- Paulino v. Sutherland Global Services, GR 262564, August 6, 2025, main decision, vindicatory nominal damages: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/70181
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