Liquidated Damages

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1. What are liquidated damages under Article 2226?
2. Does recovery under an applicable valid liquidated-damages clause universally require proof of the exact actual loss?
3. Article 2227 requires what treatment of iniquitous or unconscionable liquidated damages?
4. A valid contract sets P20,000 as liquidated damages for a specified missed delivery. The breach occurs and all requirem…
5. A clause fixes liquidated damages only for late delivery. The defendant instead commits a different breach not contempl…
6. A contract imposes a penalty for failure to complete a project. The debtor partially performs a substantial identified …
7. The debtor performs none of the principal obligation. The court nevertheless finds the stipulated liquidated damages in…
8. Explain the relation between an agreed liquidated-damages amount and proof of actual pecuniary loss.
9. Compare equitable reduction for partial or irregular performance with reduction of an iniquitous or unconscionable amou…
10. A damages clause covers one specified breach, but the plaintiff proves another. Explain Article 2228's consequence and …
11. Absent a contrary stipulation, what does the Article 1226 penalty ordinarily substitute for upon noncompliance?
12. Can a debtor simply pay a contractual penalty instead of performing, without an express reservation of that option?