Practice question
Under Article 228 [222] of the Labor Code, may a nonlawyer appear before a Labor Arbiter to represent himself or herself?
- No, because counsel is always indispensable
- Yes; self-representation is expressly recognized
- Only after admission to the Bar
- Only if the employer consents
- Only if the claim is already finally decided
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_442_1974.html — Labor Code, Article 228 [formerly 222], Appearances and Fees.
- https://nlrc.dole.gov.ph/uploads/content/The%202025%20NLRC%20Rules%20of%20Procedure.pdf — 2025 NLRC Rules, Rule III, Sections 6–7, pages 5–6.
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