Practice question
After notice and opportunity to defend, the complainant establishes the ethical allegation by substantial evidence. The respondent insists the investigator must dismiss solely because the proof was not assessed under the criminal beyond-reasonable-doubt standard. Which is correct?
- The applicable disciplinary standard is substantial evidence, subject to the required procedures
- Every disciplinary matter uses the criminal trial quantum
- The complainant’s evidence is irrelevant once challenged
- Summary procedure permits no evidence at all
- Only a private contract selects the quantum
Legal references
- CPRA AM22-09-01-SC, CanonIV Sections3,7–8; CanonV Section3; CanonVI Sections1,12,16,18,32, issued primary text: https://bir-cdn.bir.gov.ph/local/pdf/RMC%20No.%20123-2023%20Annex%20A.pdf
- VERA LAW v Hechanova, AC13986, February26,2025, MAIN opinion, public-interest discipline and substantial-evidence burden: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2025/feb2025/ac_13986_2025.html
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