Practice question
A defendant voluntarily appears and participates without a personal-jurisdiction objection in an in personam action. Both parties then assert that the appearance also gives the court statutory subject-matter jurisdiction that the law otherwise withholds. Which is correct?
- Appearance supplies every missing statutory power.
- Both parties can create any jurisdiction by agreement.
- Personal submission and statutory subject-matter power are distinct; the appearance does not confer the missing subject-matter jurisdiction.
- The defendant's occupation determines subject-matter power.
- Every civil case becomes administrative upon appearance.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-10-20-sc_2019.html — Current Rule 14, Section 23; Rule 8, Section 12.
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