Practice question
What first requirement did Cesa state for the discussed relaxation?
- A private email from counsel naming the exhibit.
- The evidence was duly identified by testimony duly recorded.
- A prediction that a witness could identify it later.
- An unsigned exhibit list never used in testimony.
- Only the proponent’s confidence that the item exists.
Legal references
- A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC, 2019 Amendments to the Revised Rules on Evidence, Rule 132, Sections 19-36 as specifically discussed: https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-08-15-sc_2019.html
- Spouses Cesa, substituted by heirs, v. Spouses Brucelas, et al., G.R. No. 255564, March 5, 2025, MAIN decision, qualified relaxation of formal offer and identification in recorded testimony: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2025/mar2025/gr_255564_2025.html
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