Practice question
A foreign official record has the applicable authentication certificate but is written in a language that is neither English nor Filipino. No translation accompanies it. Is authentication alone enough to overcome section 33?
- Yes, authentication makes language irrelevant.
- No; the separate requirement for an English or Filipino translation still applies.
- Yes, the judge must guess its contents.
- Yes, a seal is a translation.
- No; foreign-language documents can never be admitted even with translation.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-08-15-sc_2019.html — Rule 132 sections 24–28 and 33: official records, attestation, foreign certificates, nonremoval, absence of record and translation.
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