Practice question
An email is reliably authenticated as coming from A. Its contents repeat an absent stranger’s factual accusation, offered for its truth with no applicable exception or other basis shown. Does authentication alone resolve the hearsay problem?
- Yes, authentic origin guarantees every embedded assertion.
- Yes, every email is a business-record exception.
- Yes, digital form removes all exclusions.
- No; authentication and the admissibility of assertions for their truth are separate requirements.
- No; authentic emails can never be used for any purpose.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/supreme/am/am_01-7-01_sc_2001.html — Rules on Electronic Evidence, Rules 3–7 and 11: admissibility, authentication, accurate outputs, signatures and ephemeral communications.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/mar2014/gr_204894_2014.html — People v. Enojas, G.R. 204894, March 10, 2014, main opinion and notes 15–16: September 24, 2002 expansion to criminal cases and ephemeral communications.
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-08-15-sc_2019.html — Rule 130 section 4: accurate readable computer outputs and duplicates.
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