Practice question
Under Bayotas, what happens to civil liability based solely on the offense when the accused dies while the conviction is still on appeal?
- It is always affirmed automatically.
- It is extinguished with the criminal liability before final judgment.
- It becomes every heir’s personal debt without limit.
- It becomes a new criminal prosecution against the estate.
- It is converted automatically into quasi-delict without pleading or proof.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/rc_110-127_crim.html — Rule 111 section 4: death after arraignment, independent sources, substitution, estate enforcement and death before arraignment.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1994/sep1994/gr_102007_1994.html — People v. Bayotas, G.R. 102007, September 2, 1994, main opinion: death before final judgment and distinct sources.
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html — Civil Code articles 1157 and 1155: sources of obligations and interruption discussed in Bayotas.
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