Practice question
Under section 14’s specified overseas-service route for an unregistered entity or one without a resident agent but with the required Philippine business connection, what judicial permission is required?
- None, because any private message is summons
- Only permission from the plaintiff’s witness
- Leave of court
- Approval from a newspaper without court action
- A private agreement signed after default
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-10-20-sc_2019.html — current Rule 14 sections 9, 14, 19 and 21, foreign private entities, leave, convention-consistent service and proof.
- https://oca.judiciary.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/OCA-Circular-No.-254-2024.pdf — official OCA Circular 254-2024 reproducing AO 101-2024; section 2.1(a), outbound application for Philippine judicial documents by motion with leave in the court of the proceeding.
- https://assets.hcch.net/docs/97b5fe26-8361-467b-8e1e-b778f6d6bdd0.pdf — Supreme Court AO 101-2024, June 25, 2024, Philippine Hague Service Convention guidelines; apply where the Convention governs.
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