Practice question
Under Rule14 §23, what may be equivalent to service of summons?
- The plaintiff's private belief that the defendant knows of the case.
- Any newspaper story about the dispute.
- The defendant's voluntary appearance in the action.
- A demand letter sent before filing.
- The plaintiff's unilateral waiver of service.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-10-20-sc_2019.html — AM19-10-20-SC, 2019 amendments, Rule14 §§1–5,13,20–23.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/apr2023/gr_206005_2023.html — SAGING v Standard Fruit, GR206005, April12 2023, main decision.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/jul2023/gr_209449_2023.html — Republic v NCIP, GR209449, July11 2023, en banc main decision (notice and jurisdiction over the res).
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