Practice question
A foreign judgment is properly authenticated but written only in an unofficial language without English or Filipino translation. Counsel says authentication itself supplies a translation. Which is correct?
- The creditor’s preferred interpretation controls
- A seal translates every sentence
- Authentication deletes all language rules
- Only the court must guess the text
- The separate Section33 requirement remains
Legal references
- Rule39 Sections16,26,47–48: https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/rc_1-71_civil.html
- 2019 Evidence Rules132 Sections24–25 and33: https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/am_19-08-15-sc_2019.html
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