Practice question
The sending State expressly waives its qualifying diplomatic agent's immunity from civil jurisdiction in a contract case. A judgment is entered, and the creditor argues that this waiver alone necessarily authorizes execution against otherwise protected property. No separate execution waiver exists. Under VCDR Article 32(4), what is the best response?
- The civil-jurisdiction waiver necessarily includes execution.
- A creditor may declare an execution waiver.
- A court judgment automatically terminates diplomatic status.
- Every contract dispute removes every immunity permanently.
- The waiver of civil jurisdiction does not itself imply waiver of immunity from execution; a separate waiver is necessary.
Legal references
- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), Articles 22, 29, 31–32, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf
- Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963), Articles 36, 41 and 43, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_2_1963.pdf
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