Practice question
A memorandum says the ICJ expressly applied polluter pays as a direct freestanding interstate rule in its 2025 opinion. Which correction is needed?
- The memorandum exactly quotes the holding
- The Court fixed a universal damages percentage
- The Court dispensed with every source of law
- Paragraph 160 says it was not part of applicable law for that opinion
- The Court converted Rio into a universally ratified treaty
Legal references
- ICJ, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change, July 23, 2025, main advisory opinion: https://icj-web.leman.un-icc.cloud/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf; paragraphs 159-160.
- Rio Declaration: https://www.cbd.int/doc/ref/rio-declaration.shtml; Principle 16.
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