Practice question
A person says he owns minerals beneath a parcel solely because he validly owns the surface land. Does Article XII, section 2 support that inference?
- No; the Constitution separately reserves the enumerated mineral resources to the State.
- Yes; a surface title transfers every mineral automatically.
- Yes; minerals are the express alienation exception.
- Yes; State ownership applies only above ground.
- Yes; a private deed can repeal the constitutional resource rule.
Legal references
- 1987 Constitution, Article XII, sections 2–3, https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
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