Practice question
What does Maceda establish about a judge's potential criminal accountability?
- All judges are categorically immune
- Every complaint may ignore Supreme Court supervision
- Only private actors can commit crimes
- Judicial office does not itself create general criminal immunity
- An administrative case is always a criminal conviction
Legal references
- Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, April 22, 1993, main opinion: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/apr1993/gr_102781_1993.html
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