Practice question
Which category is excepted from ordinary performance of executive functions through department heads in Villena?
- Every routine administrative memorandum
- Every act requiring any legal interpretation
- An act the Constitution or law requires the President to perform personally
- Every decision involving office supplies
- Every lawful clerical instruction
Legal references
- Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, April 21, 1939, main decision, presidential departmental agents and personal-action exceptions: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/apr1939/gr_l-46570_1939.html
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