Practice question
Under the departmental principle stated in Villena, how are executive department heads generally related to the President?
- They are assistants and agents of the Chief Executive.
- They are independent constitutional courts.
- They are members of Congress by reason of appointment.
- They are foreign sovereigns.
- They possess authority to amend the Constitution alone.
Legal references
- Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, April 21, 1939, main decision, presidential departmental agents and personal-action exceptions: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/apr1939/gr_l-46570_1939.html
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