Practice question
In Villena’s formulation, regular-course acts of executive department secretaries are presumptively presidential acts subject to what qualification?
- They must first win a public referendum.
- They have not been disapproved or reprobated by the President.
- They must always be signed by every Senator.
- They must concern only private family affairs.
- They must be issued by a foreign embassy.
Legal references
- Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, April 21, 1939, main decision, presidential departmental agents and personal-action exceptions: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/apr1939/gr_l-46570_1939.html
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