Practice question
How are a department secretary's official acts in the regular course of business ordinarily treated under Villena, absent a contrary legal requirement?
- As automatically void until personally signed again by the President.
- As binding on the judiciary in every case.
- As presumptively the President's acts unless disapproved or reprobated by the President.
- As amendments to the Constitution.
- As private actions unrelated to public authority.
Legal references
- Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, April 21, 1939, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/apr1939/gr_l-46570_1939.html
Answer this question in flashcards to review your response and continue practicing.