Practice question
A valid law authorizes temporary energy-sector takeover. The President expressly directs the Energy Secretary not to implement a specified takeover. The secretary proceeds anyway and argues that alter-ego status makes the act valid regardless of presidential instructions. No other authority is asserted. Which conclusion best applies Mendoza?
- Alter-ego status makes all presidential instructions irrelevant
- The secretary may replace the President’s decision without limit
- Action contrary to the President’s intent or instructions cannot be justified by qualified political agency
- The statute automatically abolishes presidential control
- The secretary’s disagreement itself ratifies the act
Legal references
- Mendoza v. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corp., G.R. No. 209216, February 21, 2023, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/feb2023/gr_209216_2023.html
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