Practice question
A Cabinet secretary issues a lawful directive in the regular business of the secretary's department. No law requires personal presidential action and the President has not disapproved it. A challenger says it is void solely because the President did not personally sign. Which doctrine answers that objection?
- Qualified political agency ordinarily permits that departmental performance without a second presidential signature.
- The secretary may never perform any official act.
- Every Cabinet directive is a constitutional amendment.
- The directive is a judicial decision immune from review.
- The secretary's signature can validate every illegal command.
Legal references
- Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, April 21, 1939, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/apr1939/gr_l-46570_1939.html
- Philippine Institute for Development Studies v. COA, August 20, 2019, main decision: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/65612
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