Practice question
Does Victoriano’s recognition of a religious exemption mean every lawful union-security arrangement is categorically unconstitutional?
- Yes; the case abolished every agreement of that kind.
- Yes; no worker may ever choose union membership.
- Yes; all collective bargaining became illegal.
- No; the decision addressed the stated lawful exemption rather than declaring every union-security arrangement void.
- No, because freedom of association is never legally protected.
Legal references
- Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers Union, G.R. No. L-25246, September 12, 1974, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1974/sep1974/gr_l_25246_1974.html
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