Practice question
A local official directs police to return a worker to a private business and compel him to serve an indefinite period to pay an alleged debt. No crime has been charged or adjudicated, and no law-based military or civil service obligation is involved. The official invokes the constitutional crime-punishment exception. Which assessment is correct?
- The official's declaration is itself a criminal conviction.
- The exception does not apply, because a claimed private debt and executive command are not punishment following due conviction.
- All services requested by government are automatically constitutional.
- The business may determine whether the worker committed a crime.
- The worker's dispute about the debt is irrelevant to every constitutional issue.
Legal references
- 1987 Constitution, Article III, section 18(2), and Article II, section 4, https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
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