Practice question
A defendant argues that BP 22 is necessarily unconstitutional because the check arose from a debt. Which response follows Lozano?
- Every check offense is invalid
- All civil obligations automatically become crimes
- Debt removes the duty to prove criminal elements
- A lender may choose any punishment
- Lozano upheld punishment for the distinct prohibited check issuance rather than debt alone
Legal references
- Lozano v. Martinez, G.R. No. L-63419 et al., December 18, 1986, main opinion: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/dec1986/gr_l-63419_1986.html
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