Practice question
A licensing rule uses neutral words, but the adjudicated facts establish that its operative criterion is whether a speaker opposes a particular tax policy. Identical conduct by supporters is permitted. Officials demand intermediate review solely because the document says crowd safety. Which is best?
- A neutral title always determines the tier.
- Every licensing restriction is beyond judicial review.
- Officials’ characterization is conclusive even against the stipulated facts.
- The actual message-dependent operation must be examined; the safety label alone does not establish genuine content neutrality.
- Political expression has no constitutional protection.
Legal references
- Chavez v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 168338, February 15, 2008, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/feb2008/gr_168338_2008.html
- Diocese of Bacolod v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/jan2015/gr_205728_2015.html
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