Practice question
In Disini’s actual-malice discussion, is gross or even extreme negligence alone sufficient to establish the required actual malice?
- No, the stated standard requires the legally relevant knowledge or reckless disregard of falsity
- Yes, any mistake establishes it
- Yes, every unverified detail establishes knowing falsity
- Yes, the public figure’s anger conclusively proves it
- Yes, the number of readers supplies the mental state
Legal references
- Disini v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335 et al., February 11, 2014, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/feb2014/gr_203335_2014.html; actual-malice discussion.
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